Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.12 discuss the possible effects of maternal behaviour on foetal development

3.12 discuss the possible effects of maternal behaviour on foetal development



Nutrient

• energy - growth and metabolism of uterus, placenta, foetus and breasts

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.11 discuss the functions of the amnion

3.11 discuss the functions of the amnion
   

• amnion secretes and contains amniotic fluid and acts as a shock absorber and supports foetus

• fluid isolates foetus from gravity

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.10 explain the structure and functions of the placenta

3.10 explain the structure and functions of the placenta



Structure of the placent


Diagram of structure of placenta

source

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.9 discuss how knowledge of human reproductive anatomy and physiology has been applied to the development of contraceptive methods

3.9 discuss how knowledge of human reproductive anatomy and physiology has been applied to the development of contraceptive methods

surgical

• male sterilization - each vas deferens is tied and cut by a surgeon. 

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.8 discuss how and where fertilization and implantation normally occurs

3.8 discuss how and where fertilization and implantation normally occurs

Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of a female gamete in the oviduct

• Semen is ejaculated into the vagina; sperm become capaciated so swim more strongly rapidly

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.7 discuss importance of hormones in control of the menstrual cycle

3.7 discuss importance of hormones in control of the menstrual cycle

LH - Luteinizing hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
GnRH - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone


oogeneis

• GnRH from the hypothalamus is produced which stimulates production of FSH.

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.6 explain how hormones regulate gametogenesis

3.6 explain how hormones regulate gametogenesis

LH - Luteinizing hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
GnRH - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone


spermatogenesis

• pituitary gland secretes LH which travels in the blood to the interstitial cells of the testes

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.5 discuss how the structure of the ovum and sperm suit their function

3.5 discuss how the structure of the ovum and sperm suit their function





Functions of sperm

• deliver haploid nucleus with set of paternal chromosome to female gametes

• restore diploid number

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.4 compare the structure of ovum and sperm

3.4 compare the structure of ovum and sperm
  




Sperm cell        

structure - head - acrosome and nucleus                
               - middle - mitochondria
               - tail - axial filament              

Mobility - swims by lashing movement of filament

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.3 explain gametogenesis

3.3 explain gametogenesis

gametogenesis - process by which gametes are produced


spermatogenesis is the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules 

diagram on spermatogenesis

Biology Module 3 - 3.sexual reproduction in humans 3.1 describe the structure and function of the male and female reproductive system

3.1 describe the structure and function of the male and female reproductive system


                         male reproductive system

diagram of male reproductive system

Biology Module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.8 discuss the development of the seed and the fruit from the embryo sac and its contents to ovule and ovary

2.8 discuss the development of the seed and the fruit from the embryo sac and its contents to ovule and ovary

Once fertilization occurs zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo. The embryo obtains water, sucrose and ions from xylem and phloem through the endosperm

• embryo continues to divide to form a plumule (embryonic shoot) and radicle (embryonic root)  and one or two cotyledons

• as embryo gets larger nucellus gets squashed and

Biology Module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.7 explain the significance of double fertilization

2.7 explain the significance of double fertilization

The significance is that double fertilization results in the formation of a triploid endosperm. 

This triploid endosperm nucleus then divides by mitosis to give a tissue that surrounds the developing embryo.

Biology Module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.6 explain the sequence of events from pollination to fertilization

2.6 explain the sequence of events from pollination to fertilization. diagrams required


diagram of fertilization

source

• Pollination - pollen grains land on stigma which they then absorb water and sucrose and germinate

Biology module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.5 discuss the genetic consequence of sexual reproduction

2.5 discuss the genetic consequence of sexual reproduction. Include cross fertilization and self fertilization

 
Self pollination

• self pollination leads to self fertilization where gametes come from the same plant and is the most extreme form of inbreeding

• there will be some variation since in meiosis there is random combination of genes and it is not the same meiosis that produces the pollen grain nuclei and female gamete nucleus

Biology module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.4 explain how cross fertilization is promoted

2.4 explain how cross fertilization is promoted

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma.

Self pollination - transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to a stigma of the same flower or different flower on the same plant.

Cross pollination - the transfer of pollen grain from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.

Biology module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.2 describe the structure of the ovule and the formation of embryo sac

2.2 describe the structure of the ovule and the formation of embryo sac

diagram ovule 

source

Ovum (Egg) - female gamete

Biology module 3 - 2.sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2.1 describe the structure of the anther and the formation of pollen grains

2.1 describe the structure of the anther and the formation of pollen grains

Diagram of anther

source

Vascular bundle - transport water and nutrients to anther

Biology Module 3 - 1.Asexual reproduction and Vegetative Propagation 1.3 Explain the principles and the importance of vegetative as exemplified by the use of cuttings and tissue culture

1.3 Explain the principles and the importance of vegetative as exemplified by the use of cuttings and tissue culture


Principles of Cutting eg. in sugar cane

• a stem with at least one node or bud is cut

• stem then is covered in a thin layer of soil

• new shoots grow from buds and new underground stem (rhizome) is formed

Biology Module 3 - 1. Asexual reproduction and Vegetative Propagation 1.2 discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

 1.2 discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction


Advantages 

• If parent is well adapted so will offspring

• young plants use parents as source of nutrients until they develop their own shoot and root system

• only one parent is needed so parent does not need to wait for a mate