Nutrient
- protein - growth of tissues, muscles in uterus and foetus
- calcium - growth of bones of foetus
- iron - haemoglobin in both mother and foetus
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Alcohol - risk of premature delivery - mental retardation - abnormal limb development - heart defects - poor muscle tone
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drugs
- nicotine - increase blood pressure - restricts blood flow to the extremities - increase heart rate
- heroin and cocaine - baby shows withdrawal symptoms like severe shaking
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- cigarette smoking - umbiblical blood vessels are narrower - placenta smaller than normal - increased risks of miscarriage and premature birth - decreased mass at birth - increased risk of death of foetus or infant before or after birth
