pH - most enzymes have an optimum pH of 7
If the pH is too low there is too much hydrogen ions and if the pH is high there is too little hydrogen ions. In both of these situations the shape of the enzyme is changed thus causing the enzyme to be denatured.
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Temperature - most enzymes have an optimum temperature of 40 degrees Celsius
- if the temperature is too low there will be slow movement of molecules so substrate molecules will collide less frequently with the active sites of the enzyme so binding between substrate and enzyme will be rare.
- if the temperature increases there will be more frequent collisions and rate of reactions will increase because enzyme and substrate move faster so substrate molecules enter the active site more often
- if the temperature is too high the shape of the enzyme will be changed and it will become denatured
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Enzyme concentration
- increase in enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction because there will be more active sites for the substrate to bind to
- as long as there are plenty of substrates initial rate increases with enzyme concentration
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Substrate concentration
- as substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases because there are more substrate to bind with the enzymes' active sites.
- If enzyme concentration is held constant there will be over saturation of substrate so substrate will have to 'wait' for a vacant enzyme
